Informatics Publishing Limited

V. Divyapraba ¹, K. Kishore Kumar ¹, R. Pratheepa ¹, V. Elamaran ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, School of EEE, SASTRA University, Thanjavur - 613401, Tamil Nadu, IN

Abstract

Spectrum sensing is the major tasks of cognitive radio for utilizing spectrum resources efficiently thereby identifying and making use of spectrum holes is the objective of sensing. Energy detection technique is adopted to compare the performance of different modulated signals in poor and good SNR. Probability of detection and false alarm are the metrics used to identify the number of primary users over a bandwidth of 5MHz. False alarm is kept constant to increase the detection probability. Simulink model for detections based on FFT and Welch periodogram are implemented. Modulated signals having high data rates can occupy more number of users thereby increasing the usage of spectrum. Also increase in noise should not affect the detection of primary users and reduce the probability of misdetection. Receiver operating characteristic curve is used to analyze the detections with respect to false alarm probability for different ranges of SNR. Noise uncertainty and SNR wall which can limit the performances are also taken into consideration. A unique approach to energy detection based on FFT shows increase in the sensing in the form of spectrum estimation with four primary users and the noise is assumed to be additive white Gaussian. Neyman Pearson hypothesis is considered for determining the presence and absence of users. Noise is the factor which decreases the performance of energy detector in case of blind sensing which can be limited with the help of highly modulated signals. The growing demand for spectrum makes cognitive radio an important technology to be focused in which the sensing process can reduce the interference caused to the primary users.

Keywords

Energy Detection, FFT, Modulation Techniques, Spectrum Sensing, Welch Periodogram

Full Text

   

D. Bhavana ¹, V. Rajesh ¹, K. Kishore Kumar ²

Affiliations
1 Department of ECE, KL University, Guntur - 522502, Andhra Pradesh, IN
2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, KL University, Guntur - 522502, Andhra Pradesh, IN

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Contrast enhancement is an important stage in uncooled thermal images as uncooled thermal images are low-contrast images. Histogram equalization is the widely used technique for contrast enhancement of images. Methods/Statistical Analysis: The proposed method for contrast enhancement is based on plateau histogram equalisation. It preserves all the benefits of classical histogram equalisation but does not extend the contrast of background enormously²⁴. Plateau histogram equalization technique is one of the contrast enhancement techniques where the pels count is limited to an inception value defined based on histogram properties. Findings: In comparing the results of proposed contrast enhancement system, the image has been significantly enhanced without enhancing the background gray levels and the noise and thereby increasing the brightness preservation and harvested a more natural enhancement. Applications/Improvements: The proposed technique on thermal images provides a good enhancement, which is difficult to achieve with traditional Histogram equalization technique on thermal images. The proposed algorithm is tested on raw images, gain corrected images, and Gain and Offset corrected images and achieved satisfactory results.

Keywords

Contrast Enhancement, Histogram Equalization, Low-contrast images, Plateau Histogram Equalization, Thermal Images.

Full Text

   

N. K. SenthilKumar ¹, K. Kishore Kumar ¹, N. Rajkumar ¹, K. Amsavalli ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Vel Tech University, Chennai – 600062, Tamil Nadu, IN
2 4Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Anand Institute of Higher Technology, Chennai - 603103, Tamil Nadu, IN

Abstract

Background/Objectives: To optimize the search engine by fuzzy classification and prediction. Methods/Statistical Analysis: Accounting the characteristics such as page rank as usual, mouse movements of a user and the eye movements of a user while surfing a web page. The technique is proposed so that the search engine gets human like thinking and accordingly produces the search results. Findings: The proposed algorithm takes each and every parameter in user point of view and also the usual page ranking and applies fuzzy logic intelligence to predict the subsequent search results. Due to the right blend of the client qualities and web page attributes, the search engine will have the capacity to out-perform the current methods. Application/Improvements: Internet marketing and target sales.

Keywords

Eye Movements, Fuzzy Logic, Mouse Movements, Page Ranking, Rational Search

Full Text

   

K. Rajathi ¹, S. Durai ¹, G. Tamilmani ¹, K. Kishore Kumar ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Vel Tech University, #42 Avadi-Vel Tech Road, Avadi, Chennai – 600062, Tamil Nadu, IN

Abstract

Objectives: The major point of introducing e-learning is to overcome and eliminate the hurdles in the existing conventional system and to replace it with a modern state of art demand based system, where a user can choose his requirement instead of wasting time in irrelevant content. The main objective of replacing the system is to provide a user friendly environment and a platform which is reusable in various available environments. Methods/Statistical Analysis: In this paper we proposed Multipoint Bitmap Filter (MBF) provides an interactive user interface which gives a clear way to narrow down the needs of user. Findings: Our proposed system is a naive the Multipoint Bitmap Filter (MBF) method provides user a perfect result oriented system with high level data precision. The method of indexing in the system provides a non-redundant, efficient result in which a user can access the data without any problems. Application/Improvements: In this proposed approach we proved that bitmap filter can stores the large amount of data and uses the column indexing that makes any complex table into simpler one.

Keywords

Array Table, Bitmap, MBF, Multipoint.

Full Text

   

K. Kishore Kumar ¹, R. S. K. Sharma ¹, P. Chanti Babu ¹, M. Sreenivasa Rao ¹, K. Durga Prasadu ¹, D. Ravi Kumar ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Chemistry, CMJ University, Shillong-793101, IN

Abstract

Natural products possessing a spiro carbon in their molecules have proven their biological activity in agriculture and medicine. The present paper describes the synthesis, characterization of five newly synthesized Spiro-compounds characterized by means of chromatography, IR, ¹H-NMR and Mass spectral analysis. The author carried in vitro anti diabetic methods like alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase methods for anti diabetic activity of tilted compounds. The investigation of anti diabetic activity revealed that the test compounds of Spiro compounds showed favorable anti diabetic activity. Among the titled compounds some were having potent antidiabetic activity.

Keywords

Spiro Heterocyclic Compounds, Spectral Analysis, In Vitro Antidiabetic Activity, Alpha Amylase Enzyme Method and Alpha-Glucosidase Enzyme Method.

Full Text

     

T. Sujithra ¹, N. K. Senthil Kumar ¹, K. Kishore Kumar ¹, V. M. Vinayagam ¹

Affiliations
1 Veltech Dr. RR & Dr. SR University, Avadi, Chennai – 600062, Tamil Nadu, IN

Abstract

Objective: To study the diverse data gathering approaches and issues involved in wireless sensor networks. Method: This study deals with traditional cluster architecture, challenges in clustering, bibliographical survey on numerous data gathering approaches based on the sink deployment such as cluster based data gathering, mobile element data gathering and its diversification. The most recent data and references have been further examined so as to concentrate key data and mapped into particular subsections. Findings: Based on the sink deployment, data gathering approaches are classified as static sink and mobile sink data gathering. In static sink data gathering approach, because of multi-hop communication, nodes near the sink depletes its energy very quickly. It makes the network unreachable. In Mobile Element (ME) data gathering, ME visits each sensor node in its transmission range and collects the information via single-hop communication. It results in delayed data gathering. It also gives packet loss due to smaller memory in the sensor node. Communication range and memory size of the sensor node, speed and traversal pattern of the mobile element play a vital role in determining the performance of wireless sensor network.

Keywords

Clustering, Data Gathering, Mobile Sink, Static Sink, Wireless Sensor Networks

Full Text